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Abraham Maslow was born in New York in 1908 to poor, uneducated Russian immigrants. He was the oldest of seven children, and therefore pushed by his parents to ensue in schooling where they had not. Originally learning to be a lawyer, he found it to be of miniature interest and ultimately shifted over to psychology where he excelled. Maslow went on to receive his PhD in psychology at the University of Wisconsin, under the tutelage of Harry Harlow, supreme for experimentation with rhesus monkeys and attachment behavior. After some time he returned to New York and began learning human sexuality. In expanding to this study, during the years of teaching, he had the chance to meet many well-respected psychologists which added helped to shape his thoughts on the human needs. The final event which led Maslow to move in the humanistic direction came from the study of the development of the notion of "self-actualization". It was this study that led Maslow to construct his supreme Hierarchy of Needs Theory.[1]
Food for thought: What humans of course need
Until Maslow began to construct his theories, most studies on human nature focused on biology, achievement or power to construe the military that drive us.
Maslow postulated that there were five levels of basic needs that every human attempts to attain:
Externally-Satisfied Needs (basic needs that every private must satisfy before they can progress).
1. Physiological - I'm hungry.
2. Safety - I'm scared.
Internally-Satisfied Needs (needs important to enlightenment and understanding.
3. Collective - I'm lonely.
4. Esteem - I can't.
5. Self Actualization - I can!
In the 1970s, Maslow added split this hierarchy up into a total of eight levels:[2]
1) Physiological: hunger, thirst, corporeal comforts, etc.;
2) Safety/security: out of danger;
3) Belonging and Love: affiliate with others, be accepted; and
4) Esteem: to achieve, be competent, gain approval and recognition.
5) Cognitive: to know, to understand, and explore; (new)
6) Aesthetic: symmetry, order, and beauty; (new)
7) Self-actualization: to find self-fulfillment and realize one's potential; and
8) Self-transcendence: to join together to something beyond the ego or to help others find self-fulfillment and realize their potential. (new) (This notion is relatively new and many authors such as Dr. Stephen covey express similar views.)[3]
Another way to look at the Needs is to break it into "D-Needs" (Deficiency) and "B-Needs" (Being). Maslow believed that the scantness needs, once satisfied ceased to be a driving force for the individual, and they were then free to move upward to developing themselves.
If we ensue the customary hierarchical form, we can see that each need forms the basis of the next need above it in the pyramid. Without these former foundations, Maslow believed that it is impossible to move on to the next stage in the hierarchy.[4]
In spite of the fact that it is very well-known and intrinsically comforting, there seems to be miniature hard evidence that the ideas of course applies to habitancy in general. Even Maslow admitted to this.[5]
A learning experience
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs has had a dramatic sway on the field of education. customary beliefs with regard to educational methodology have shifted to a more humanistic approach, with the focus on meeting the students' basic needs in order to assist them to progress.
The most important goal in schooling is to learn, followed by developing an understanding of the material to reserve it, and apply it in life. In order to do this, the students need to be motivated sufficient to work hard to perform this goal. Without motivation to learn it is unlikely that the schooling will ensue to the extent that it is intended.
In order to maximize this motivational desire, the educators need to attend to the needs of the student. By understanding Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, teachers can work toward realizing the basic needs that construct the foundation for higher learning, or actualization.
Here is an example of how the school can meet the basic needs of the students:
If the school understands that in order to function at school, students need the basic physiological needs satisfied before they can digest their studies, they may think providing lunches if a great deal of the students do not have their own. This would then move the learners to the next level. By fostering a trusting, safe environment, with a classroom Collective network, and providing praise in the form of certain reinforcement from the teachers, the students will be able to focus on their learning.[6]
A real example that has come up near the end of the 20th century with respect to this is the problems that have arisen due to the beliefs on "special education". during the 70s and 80s when where the customary beliefs of segregating children with special needs (physical, intellectual, or emotional) was employed in the school ideas anomalies arose that called into quiz, these beliefs. It was believed that by placing these students in cut off learning atmospheres they would be able to learn at a pace more approved to their abilities, receive special concentration and ultimately improve through the ideas to receive the same schooling at the end of the program. As it turns out, this did not happen and the children’s learning was hampered.[7]
Managing expectations
Focusing on such human needs for successful motivation can very of course be ported over to the company world and applied in the field of Management. In fact, Maslow himself became fascinated with the field of management and attempted to construe the potential of good managers to motivate their employees using a solid understanding of the Hierarch of Needs. He even went so far as to commonly visit a high-tech company in California to study the management practices in the 1960s. Maslow discovered that managers who treat their subordinates with trust and respect created an environment that promoted a better work situation and improved productivity.
Peter Drucker, the supreme management guru has said that "Maslow's contribution to management was a big one. He pointed out hat you have to have distinct personnel policies for distinct habitancy in distinct situations for them to be truly effective."[8]
Why 'Y'?
Theories X and Y, as industrialized by Douglas McGregor fit very nicely into the Needs Theory. If humans are intrinsically searching for something to help move them to the next level, and have an internal desire to progress, and give back to society, as is believed by the followers of "Theory Y", then it goes to presume that the humanistic approach, as laid out by Maslow would assist these individuals in reaching their goals. If we believe that human nature responds best to a positive, nurturing atmosphere, then managers that hold the following beliefs with respect to their staff should be able to raise them up higher in an endeavor to enhance productivity, and the private goals of the worker:
1. Employees view work as natural.
2. Commitment to goals leads to self-direction and self-control.
3. habitancy will look for situations where they can receive responsibility for their work.
4. Decision-making on varied levels can be spread among the company and not be the sole responsibility of upper management.[9]
What's 'Humanism' got to do, got to do with it?
Humanism is the "third force" in psychology, following the customary studies of behaviorism and psychoanalysis. Maslow, Carl Rogers, Rolly May and many others helped to improve this way of looking at the human condition.
Humanism has a long history going back to the times of the Greek philosophers of the 6th century Bc. It has come forward in time and industrialized into three broad categories: religious, secular, educational humanism. When habitancy discuss "humanism" they commonly mean the understanding of secular humanism.
"Humanism is a broad type of active ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people, based on the potential to determine right and wrong by request for retrial to universal human qualities— particularly rationality, common history, experience, and belief. Humanism is a component of a collection of more definite philosophical systems, and is also incorporated into some religious schools of thought.
Humanism entails a commitment to the search for truth and morality through human means in reserve of human interests. In focusing on the capacity for self-determination, humanism rejects transcendental justifications, such as a dependence on faith, the supernatural or divinely revealed texts. Humanists endorse universal morality based on the commonality of human nature, suggesting that solutions to our Collective and cultural problems cannot be parochial."[10]
Humanists commonly believe the following:[11]
1. Humanism is a religious doctrine focused upon human means for comprehending reality. Humanists make no claims to possess or have access to supposed transcendent knowledge.
2. Humanism is a religious doctrine of presume and science in the chase of knowledge. Therefore, when it comes to the quiz, of the most valid means for acquiring knowledge of the world, Humanists reject arbitrary faith, authority, revelation, and altered states of consciousness.
3. Humanism is a religious doctrine of imagination. Humanists identify that intuitive feelings, hunches, speculation, flashes of inspiration, emotion, altered states of consciousness, and even religious experience, while not valid means to derive knowledge, remain beneficial sources of ideas that can lead us to new ways of looking at the world. These ideas, after they have been assessed rationally for their usefulness, can then be put to work, often as alternate approaches for solving problems.
4. Humanism is a religious doctrine for the here and now. Humanists regard human values as production sense only in the context of human life rather than in the promise of a supposed life after death.
5. Humanism is a religious doctrine of compassion. Humanist ethics is solely involved with meeting human needs and answering human problems--for both the private and society--and devotes no concentration to the delight of the desires of supposed theological entities.
6. Humanism is a realistic philosophy. Humanists identify the existence of moral dilemmas and the need for meticulous observation of immediate and time to come consequences in moral decision making.
7. Humanism is in tune with the science of today. Humanists therefore identify that we live in a natural universe of great size and age that we evolved on this planet over a long period of time, that there is no compelling evidence for a separable "soul," and that human beings have certain built-in needs that effectively form the basis for any human-oriented value system.
8. Humanism is in tune with today's enlightened Collective thought. Humanists are committed to civil liberties, human rights, church-state separation, the postponement of participatory democracy not only in government but in the workplace and education, an expansion of global consciousness and replacement of products and ideas internationally, and an open-ended arrival to solving Collective problems, an arrival that allows for the testing of new alternatives.
9. Humanism is in tune with new technological developments. Humanists are willing to take part in emerging scientific and technological discoveries in order to practice their moral sway on these revolutions as they come about, especially in the interest of protecting the environment.
10. Humanism is, in sum, a religious doctrine for those in love with life. Humanists take responsibility for their own lives and relish the adventure of being part of new discoveries, seeking new knowledge, exploring new options. Instead of looking solace in prefabricated answers to the great questions of life, Humanists enjoy the open-endedness of a quest and the leisure of discovery that this entails.
What is retention us back?
If reaching the summit of the mountain of self-actualization were easy, every person would be enlightened, happy, hard-working, creative, and wealthy. We would all strive to take responsibility for our actions, and endeavor to enhance the situation colse to us by developing new and unique ideas. Unfortunately, this is not happening. What is retention us back from reaching our "fully functional, healthy personality"?
I concur with Maslow that community and the schooling ideas are preventing individuals from reaching their full potential. Here is what Maslow has to say on the matter:
"The state of being without a ideas of values is psychopathogenic, we are learning. The human being needs a framework of values, a religious doctrine of life, a religion or religion-surrogate to live by and understand by, in about the same sense he needs sunlight, calcium or love. This I have called the "cognitive need to understand." The value- illnesses which ensue from valuelessness are called variously anhedonia, anomie, apathy, amorality, hopelessness, cynicism, etc., and can come to be somatic illness as well. Historically, we are in a value interregnum in which all externally given value systems have proven failures (political, economic, religious, etc.) e.g., nothing is worth dying for. What man needs but doesn't have, he seeks for unceasingly, and he becomes dangerously ready to jump at any hope, good or bad. The cure for this disease is obvious. We need a validated, usable ideas of human values that we can believe in and devote ourselves to (be willing to die for), because they are true rather than because we are exhorted to "believe and have faith." Such an empirically based Weltanschauung seems now to be a real possibility, at least in theoretical outline." [12]
If community is not instilling the permissible values into the youth of today, they are unable to construct a healthy outlook on life. This will hamper their journey to self-actualization. The schooling ideas is also currently not providing the permissible morals, and positive, nurturing environment for students in order for them to grow. The schools need to focus on the areas of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs that are deficient in the trainee body, look after them, and help their students to excel in ways that go deeper than just good grades.
Summary: convert Your Socks, convert Your Attitude
In the modern company world, a product-centered company style is no longer successful. Fellowships must now, more than ever before, construct a consumer-centric arrival to business. The market is demassifying, and this means that private needs must be met.
In order for the schooling ideas to yield individuals that can reach the peak of Maslow's pyramid, the schools should also take a similar arrival and rather than focus on the stock (education), they should instead focus on meeting the needs of the client (student). This will by no means be an easy task for it requires a great number of time and energy on the part of the supplier (schools), but the end results will yield a much more satisfied customer who is able to advantage from the interaction.
Maslow lists 10 points that educators and teachers ought to think in order to convert their style so as to move toward the self-actualization of the individual. A overview of these points can be found below:
1. Be true to yourself.
2. Do not be bound by your culture.
3. contemplate your calling.
4. Life is precious.
5. Do not judge people.
6. See to the delight of basic needs.
7. Take time to smell the roses.
8. Learn self-control.
9. Don't sweat the miniature things.
10. Make the right decisions.
These can and should be applied to all aspects of life, from your underground time, through schooling and even in the work environment in order to work toward enhancing yourself and society.
References
1. C. George Boeree, ‘Abraham Maslow, 1908-1970’, http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/maslow.html
2. Huitt, W. (2004). Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Educational psychology Interactive. Valdosta, Ga: Valdosta State University. Retrieved [date] from, http://chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/regsys/maslow.html.
3. Stephen R. Covey, ‘The 8th Habit, From Effectiveness to Greatness’, FranklinCovey Co., Free Press, 2004.
4. Wikipedia, 'Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs', http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs
5. Educational psychology Interactive
6. Jones, Michael. “Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Can Lower Recidivism.” Corrections Today 66.4 (2004): 18–22.
7. Norman Kunc, 'The Need to Belong: Rediscovering Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs', Axis Consultation and Training Ltd,, [http://www.normemma.com/armaslow.htm], 1998.
8. Excerpted from Maslow on Management, by Abraham H. Maslow, with Deborah Stephens and Gary Heil, 1998.
9. Robbins, Stephen P., 'Essentials of organizational behavior, eighth edition', Pearson schooling Inc., 2005, p50
10. Wikipedia definition for 'humanism', http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism
11. Frederick Edwards, 'What is Humanism?', American Humanist Association, 1989, [http://www.jcn.com/humanism.php4]
12. Maslow, A., & Lowery, R. (Ed.). (1998). 'Toward a psychology of being (3rd ed.)', New York: Wiley & Sons.
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