Phd Education - History of Educational Technology
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There is no written evidence which can tell us exactly who has coined the phrase educational technology. Dissimilar educationists, scientists and philosophers at Dissimilar time intervals have put forwarded Dissimilar definitions of Educational Technology. Educational technology is a multifaceted and integrated process piquant people, procedure, ideas, devices, and organization, where technology from Dissimilar fields of science is borrowed as per the need and requirement of schooling for implementing, evaluating, and managing solutions to those problems complex in all aspects of human learning.
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Educational technology, broadly speaking, has passed straight through five stages.
The first stage of educational technology is coupled with the use of aids like charts, maps, symbols, models, specimens and concrete materials. The term educational technology was used as synonyms to audio-visual aids.
The second stage of educational technology is associated with the 'electronic revolution' with the introduction and preparing of sophisticated hardware and software. Use of discrete audio-visual aids like projector, magic lanterns, tape-recorder, radio and television brought a revolutionary change in the educational scenario. Accordingly, educational technology notion was taken in terms of these sophisticated instruments and equipments for productive presentation of instructional materials.
The third stage of educational technology is associated with the development of mass media which in turn led to 'communication revolution' for instructional purposes. Computer-assisted schooling (Cai) used for schooling since 1950s also became favorite while this era.
The fourth stage of educational technology is discernible by the individualized process of instruction. The invention of programmed learning and programmed schooling provided a new dimension to educational technology. A principles of self-learning based on self-instructional materials and teaching machines emerged.
The most recent notion of educational technology is influenced by the notion of principles engineering or principles approach which focuses on language laboratories, teaching machines, programmed instruction, multimedia technologies and the use of the computer in instruction. According to it, educational technology is a systematic way of designing, carrying out and evaluating the total process of teaching and learning in terms of specific objectives based on research.
Educational technology while the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age
Educational technology, despite the uncertainty of the origin of the term, can be traced back to the time of the three-age principles periodization of human prehistory; namely the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age.
Duringthe Stone Age, ignition of fire by rubbing stones, invent of discrete handcrafted weapon and utensils from stones and clothing custom were some of the simple technological developments of utmost importance. A fraction of Stone Age citizen developed ocean-worthy outrigger canoe ship technology to migrate from one place to someone else over the Ocean, by which they developed their first informal schooling of knowledge of the ocean currents, weather conditions, sailing practice, astronavigation, and star maps. while the later Stone Age period (Neolithic period),for agricultural practice, polished stone tools were made from a variety of hard rocks largely by digging incommunicable tunnels, which can be carefully as the first steps in mining technology. The polished axes were so productive that even after appearance of bronze and iron; citizen used it for clearing forest and the preparing of crop farming.
Although Stone Age cultures left no written records, but archaeological evidences proved their shift from nomadic life to agricultural settlement. Old tools conserved in Dissimilar museums, cave paintings like Altamira Cave in Spain, and other prehistoric art, such as the Venus of Willendorf, mom Goddess from Laussel, France etc. Are some of the evidences in favour of their cultures.
Neolithic Revolution of Stone Age resulted into the appearance of Bronze Age with development of agriculture, animal domestication, and the adoption of permanent settlements. For these practices Bronze Age citizen added developed metal smelting, with copper and later bronze, an alloy of tin and copper, being the materials of their choice.
The Iron Age citizen replaced bronze and developed the knowledge of iron smelting technology to lower the cost of living since iron utensils were stronger and cheaper than bronze equivalents. In many Eurasian cultures, the Iron Age was the last period before the development of written scripts.
Educational technology while the period of Old civilizations
According to Paul Saettler, 2004, Educational technology can be traced back to the time when tribal priests systematized bodies of knowledge and Old cultures invented pictographs or sign writing to narrative and forward information. In every stage of human civilization, one can find an instructional technique or set of procedures intended to implement a single culture which were also supported by estimate of investigations and evidences. The more developed the culture, the more complex became the technology of schooling designed to reflect single ways of individual and collective behaviour intended to run an educated society. Over centuries, each important shift in educational values, goals or objectives led to diverse technologies of instruction.
The most advances in technology and engineering came with the rise of the Old civilizations. These advances stimulated and educated other societies in the world to adopt new ways of living and governance.
The Indus Valley Civilization was an early Bronze Age civilization which was settled in the northwestern region of the Indian Subcontinent. The civilization was primarily flourished around the Indus River basin of the Indus and the Punjab region, extending upto the Ghaggar-Hakra River valley and the Ganges-Yamuna Doab, (most of the part is under today's Pakistan and the western states of modern-day India as well as some part of the civilization extending upto southeastern Afghanistan, and the easternmost part of Balochistan, Iran).
There is a long term controversy to be sure about the language that the Harappan citizen spoke. It is assumed that their writing was at least seems to be or a pictographic script. The script appears to have had about 400 basic signs, with lots of variations. citizen write their script with the direction generally from right to left. Most of the writing was found on seals and sealings which were probably used in trade and legal & administrative work.
Harappan citizen had the knowledge of the measuring tools of length, mass, and time. They were the first in the world to invent a principles of uniform weights and measures.
In a study carried out by P. N. Rao et al. In 2009, published in Science, computer scientists found that the Indus script's pattern is closer to that of spoken words, which supported the proposed hypothesis that it codes for an as-yet-unknown language.
According to the Chinese Civilization, some of the major techno-offerings from China include paper, early seismological detectors, toilet paper, matches, iron plough, the multi-tube seed drill, the suspension bridge, the wheelbarrow, the parachute, natural gas as fuel, the magnetic compass, the raised-relief map, the blast furnace, the propeller, the crossbow, the South Pointing Chariot, and gun powder. With the invent of paper they have given their first step towards developments of educational technology by added culturing Dissimilar handcrafted products of paper as means of optic aids.
Ancient Egyptian language was at one point one of the longest surviving and used languages in the world. Their script was made up of pictures of the real things like birds, animals, Dissimilar tools, etc. These pictures are popularly called hieroglyph. Their language was made up of above 500 hieroglyphs which are known as hieroglyphics. On the stone monuments or tombs which were discovered and rescued latter on provides the evidence of existence of many forms of artistic hieroglyphics in Old Egypt.
Educational technology while Medieval and contemporary Period
Paper and the pulp papermaking process which was developed in China while the early 2nd century Ad, was carried to the Middle East and was spread to Mediterranean by the Muslim conquests. Evidences sustain that a paper mill was also established in Sicily in the 12th century. The discovery of spinning wheel increased the productivity of thread production process to a great extent and when Lynn White added the spinning wheel with expanding provide of rags, this led to the yield of cheap paper, which was a prime factor in the development of printing technology.
The invention of the printing press was taken place in roughly 1450 Ad, by Johannes Gutenburg, a German inventor. The invention of printing press was a prime developmental factor in the history of educational technology to transport the schooling as per the need of the complex and advanced-technology cultured society.
In the pre-industrial phases, while commerce was naturally the handwork at artisan level, the instructional processes were relied heavily upon simple things like the slate, the horn book, the blackboard, and chalk. It was small to a single text book with a few illustrations. Educational technology was carefully synonymous to simple aids like charts and pictures.
The year 1873 may be carefully a landmark in the early history of technology of schooling or audio-visual education. An exhibition was held in Vienna at international level in which an American school won the admiration of the educators for the exhibition of maps, charts, textbooks and other equipments.
Maria Montessori (1870-1952), internationally sublime child educator and the creator of Montessori formula exerted a dynamic impact on educational technology straight through her development of graded materials designed to provide for the allowable sequencing of subject matter for each individual learner. contemporary educational technology suggests many postponement of Montessori's idea of prepared child centered environment.
In1833, Charles Babbage's invent of a general purpose computing gismo laid the foundation of the contemporary computer and in 1943, the first computing motor as per hi invent was constructed by International company Machines Corporation in Usa. The Computer Assisted schooling (Cai) in which the computer functions essentially as a tutor as well as the Talking Type writer was developed by O.K. Moore in 1966. Since 1974, computers are interestingly used in schooling in schools, colleges and universities.
In the starting of the 19th century, there were fine changes in the field of education. British Broadcasting Corporation (Bbc), right from its start of school broadcasts in 1920 had maintained rapid pace in production sound contribution to formal education. In the Usa, by 1952, 20 states had the provision for educational broadcasting. Parallel to this time about 98% of the schools in United Kingdom were adequate with radios and there were quarterly daily programmes.
Sidney L. Pressey, a psychologist of Ohio state university developed a self-teaching motor called 'Drum Tutor' in 1920. Professor Skinner, however, in his sublime narrative 'Science of learning and art of Teaching' published in 1945 pleaded for the application of the knowledge derived from behavioral psychology to classroom procedures and suggested self-operating teaching devices as means of doing so.
Although the first practical use of quarterly television broadcasts was in Germany in 1929 and in 1936 the Olympic Games in Berlin were broadcasted straight through television stations in Berlin, Open circuit television began to be used primarily for broadcasting programmes for entertainment in 1950. Since 1960, television is used for educational purposes.
In 1950, Brynmor, in England, used educational technological steps for the first time. It is to be cared that in 1960, as a succeed of industrial revolution in America and Russia, other countries also started progressing in the filed of educational technology. In this way, the starting of educational technology took place in 1960 from America and Russia and now it has reached England, Europe and India.
During the time of around 1950s, new technocracy was turning it attraction to educations when there was a steep shortage of teachers in America and therefore an urgent need of educational technology was felt. Dr. Alvin C. Eurich and a small later his associate, Dr. Alexander J. Stoddard introduced mass yield technology in America.
Team teaching had its origin in America in the mid of 1950's and was first started in the year 1955 at Harvard University as a part of internship plan.
In the year 1956, Benjamin Bloom from Usa introduced the taxonomy of educational objectives straight through his publication, "The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, The Classification of Educational Goals, Handbook I: Cognitive Domain".
In 1961, Micro teaching technique was first adopted by Dwight W. Allen and his co-workers at Stanford University in Usa.
Electronics is the main technology being developed in the starting of 21st century. Broadband Internet passage became favorite and busy roughly all the important offices and educational places and even in tasteless places in developed countries with the advantage of connecting home computers with music libraries and movable phones.
Today's classroom is more likely to be a technology lab, a room with rows of students using internet associated or Wi-Fi enabled laptops, palmtops, notepad, or perhaps students are attending a video conferencing or virtual classroom or may have been listening to a podcast or taking in a video lecture. Rapid technological changes in the field of educational have created new ways to teach and to learn. Technological changes also motivated the teachers to passage a variety of data on a global scale via the Internet, to improve their lessons as well as to make them competent professional in their area of concern. At the same time, students can utilize vast resources of the Internet to enrich their learning caress to cope up with changing trend of the society. Now a days students as well teachers are attending seminars, conferences, workshops at national and international level by using the multimedia techno-resources like PowerPoint and even they pursue a variety of important courses of their option in distance mode via online learning ways. Online learning factory has opened infinite estimate of doors of opportunities for today's trainee to make their life happier than ever before.
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